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Lung cancer: What are the links with oxidative stress, physical activity and nutrition.

Lung Cancer. 2013 Sep 23;

Authors: Filaire E, Dupuis C, Galvaing G, Aubreton S, Laurent H, Richard R, Filaire M

Abstract
Oxidative stress appears to play an essential role as a secondary messenger in the normal regulation of a variety of physiological processes, such as apoptosis, survival, and proliferative signaling pathways. Oxidative stress also plays important roles in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including aging, degenerative disease, and cancer. Among cancers, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer in the Western world. Lung cancer is the commonest fatal cancer whose risk is dependent on the number of cigarettes smoked per day as well as the number of years smoking, some components of cigarette smoke inducing oxidative stress by transmitting or generating oxidative stress. It can be subdivided into two broad categories, small cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer, the latter is the most common type. Distinct measures of primary and secondary prevention have been investigated to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality caused by lung cancer. Among them, it seems that physical activity and nutrition have some beneficial effects. However, physical activity can have different influences on carcinogenesis, depending on energy supply, strength and frequency of exercise loads as well as the degree of exercise-mediated oxidative stress. Micronutrient supplementation seems to have a positive impact in lung surgery, particularly as an antioxidant, even if the role of micronutrients in lung cancer remains controversial. The purpose of this review is to examine lung cancer in relation to oxidative stress, physical activity, and nutrition.

PMID: 24161719 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Predictors of dyspnoea prevalence: results from the BOLD study.

Eur Respir J. 2013 Oct 31;

Authors: Nielsen R, Vollmer WM, Hardie JA, Olafsdóttir IS, Lamprecht B, Buist AS, Gnatiuc L, Gulsvik A, Johannessen A, Enright P

Abstract
Dyspnoea is a cardinal symptom for cardiorespiratory diseases. No study has assessed worldwide variation in dyspnoea prevalence or predictors of dyspnoea.We used cross-sectional data from population-based samples in 15 countries of the BOLD study to estimate prevalence of dyspnoea in the full sample as well as in an a priori defined low-risk group (few risk factors or dyspnoea -associated diseases). Dyspnoea was defined by the modified Medical Research Council questions. We used ordered logistic regression analysis to study the association of dyspnoea with site, sex, age, education, smoking habits, low/high BMI, self-reported disease, and spirometry results.Of the 9,484 participants, 27% reported any dyspnoea. In the low-risk subsample (N=4,329), 16% reported some dyspnoea. In multivariate analyses, all covariates were correlated to dyspnoea, but only 13% of dyspnoea variation was explained. Females reported more dyspnoea than males (odds ratio ≈ 2.1). When forced vital capacity (FVC) fell below 60% of predicted, dyspnoea was much more likely.There was considerable geographical variation in dyspnoea, even when we adjusted for known risk factors and spirometry results. We were only able to explain 13% of dyspnoea variation.

PMID: 24176991 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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Effect of cigarette and cigar smoking on peak expiratory flow rate.

J Clin Diagn Res. 2013 Sep;7(9):1886-9

Authors: Medabala T, B N R, Mohesh M I G, Kumar M P

Abstract
Background: Tobacco smoking in India has been increasing alarmingly. Smoking is a known risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, especially, the lung cancer. The percentage prevalence of cigarette smoking (18.5%) and cigar smoking (4%) in males is high in Andhra Pradesh compared to other southern states. There is not enough scientific literature to correlate about intensity of cigarette and cigar smoking and their impact on lung function though high prevalence is reported in Andhra Pradesh, India. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine whether PEFR differs between cigarette and cigar smokers compared to non-smokers and also to estimate the intensity of cigarette and cigar smoking on PEFR. Methods: PEFR was recorded in cigarette smokers (n=49) and cigar smokers (n=10) as well as in non-smokers (n=64) using Wright's mini Peak Flow Meter. Results: PEFR is decreased in both cigarette as well in cigar smokers compared to non-smokers and the magnitude of decline was higher in cigar smoking elderly individuals. Conclusion: The intensity of cigarette and cigar smoking (pack-years) emerged as the main variable to influence airway obstruction in smokers that caused greater reduction in PEFR.

PMID: 24179889 [PubMed]

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[Drug induced interstitial lung disease in systemic diseases.]

Rev Pneumol Clin. 2013 Oct 30;

Authors: Essaadouni L, Benjilali L

Abstract
Immunosuppressants and immunomodulators are designed to regulate excessive immune response responsible for inflammatory lesions and are prescribed more and more in internal medicine. These drugs are known for their efficiency but with a significant toxicity including interstitial lung disease (ILD). Some factors liable to pulmonary toxicity include advanced age, genetic polymorphism and the existence of prior pulmonary disease. Cytotoxicity and hypersensitivity are the main mechanisms of pulmonary toxicity. There is no universal classification of drug induced-lung disease. Theoretically, drugs may be responsible for all histological aspects of ILD. Methotrexate is the most well-known drug as a provider of ILD with a prevalence of 0.3 to 11.6%. Some cases of ILD have also been reported with the new biologics used in systemic diseases. The diagnostic approach to the suspicion of drug ILD is to eliminate non-medicinal causes of pneumonia including infections and tumors before exploring the clinical symptomatology and the results of imaging and bronchoalveolar lavage cell profile. The analysis of the clinical symptomatology check the compatibility of the chronology of clinical and/or radiological pneumonia with the medication suspected. Subsequently, data from the clinical case are compared with those of the literature. Treatment involves stopping the suspected drug. The use of corticosteroids may be required in case of signs of severity or a lingering evolution.

PMID: 24183295 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]