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SPECT/CT and pulmonary embolism.

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SPECT/CT and pulmonary embolism.

Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013 Nov 9;

Authors: Mortensen J, Gutte H

Abstract
Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is diagnosed either by ventilation/perfusion (V/P) scintigraphy or pulmonary CT angiography (CTPA). In recent years both techniques have improved. Many nuclear medicine centres have adopted the single photon emission CT (SPECT) technique as opposed to the planar technique for diagnosing PE. SPECT has been shown to have fewer indeterminate results and a higher diagnostic value. The latest improvement is the combination of a low-dose CT scan with a V/P SPECT scan in a hybrid tomograph. In a study comparing CTPA, planar scintigraphy and SPECT alone, SPECT/CT had the best diagnostic accuracy for PE. In addition, recent developments in the CTPA technique have made it possible to image the pulmonary arteries of the lungs in one breath-hold. This development is based on the change from a single-detector to multidetector CT technology with an increase in volume coverage per rotation and faster rotation. Furthermore, the dual energy CT technique is a promising modality that can provide functional imaging in combination with anatomical information. Newer high-end CT scanners and SPECT systems are able to visualize smaller subsegmental emboli. However, consensus is lacking regarding the clinical impact and treatment. In the present review, SPECT and SPECT in combination with low-dose CT, CTPA and dual energy CT are discussed in the context of diagnosing PE.

PMID: 24213621 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Assessment of the severity of acute pulmonary embolism using CT pulmonary angiography parameters.

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Assessment of the severity of acute pulmonary embolism using CT pulmonary angiography parameters.

Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2013 Nov 8;

Authors: Kincl V, Feitova V, Panovsky R, Stepanova R

Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the association between computed tomography parameters and clinical signs in patients with acute pulmonary embolism.
METHODS: 109 patients retrospectivelly selected from hospital database with acute pulmonary embolism verified by CT pulmonary angiography. The following parameters were assessed: pulmonary artery diameter to aorta diameter ratio (PA/Ao), normalized pulmonary artery diameter (nPA), right ventricular to left ventricular diameter ratio from CT (RV CT/LV CT), normalized end-diastolic right ventricular diameter (nRVD echo) and right to left ventricular end diastolic diameter ratio (RV echo/LV echo) from echocardiography.
RESULTS: Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant association between PA/Ao and thrombolysed (0.99) to non-thrombolysed (0.90) patients, OR=1.56 P=0.012, and also RV CT/LV CT and thrombolysed 1.5 to non-thrombolysed (0.94) patients OR=1.24 P=0.002. The significant difference was also found in intensive care unit hospitalization necessity (ICU-Y/N) and RV CT/LV CT ratio (ICU-Y 1.42, ICU-N 0.91) OR=1.26 P=0.003, and RV echo/LV echo (ICU-Y 0.82, ICU-N 0.65) OR=1.83 P=0.033.
CONCLUSION: From the CT pulmonary angiography parameters, the RV CT/LV CT showed a significant association with both thrombolysis administration and ICU hospitalization. The PA/Ao had relation only to thrombolytic therapy as well as RV echo/LV echo only to ICU hospitalization.

PMID: 24217018 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Infections broncho-pulmonaires à Staphylococcus aureus

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2013 Source:Revue de Pneumologie Clinique

Author(s): F. Valour , N. Chebib , Y. Gillet , P. Reix , F. Laurent , C. Chidiac , T. Ferry

Staphylococcus aureus représente 2 à 5 % des étiologies des pneumopathies communautaires. Ces infections surviennent principalement chez des patients âgés avec comorbidité, dans un contexte post-grippal. S. aureus est également responsable de pneumonie nécrosante, heureusement rare, touchant des adolescents ou adultes jeunes, également dans un contexte post-grippal. Les pneumonies nécrosantes sont associées à la production d’une toxine particulière, la leucocidine de Panton-Valentine, impliquée dans la nécrose pulmonaire, la survenue d’hémoptysies, d’une leucopénie, et d’une mortalité élevée. En Europe, ces souches restent majoritairement sensibles à la pénicilline M, qui doit être utilisée en intraveineuse à forte dose en association avec un antibiotique « anti-toxinique » tel que la clindamycine, et à des immunoglobulines intraveineuses polyvalentes dans les formes graves. Par ailleurs, S. aureus est l’un des pathogènes impliqué le plus précocement dans les infections respiratoires des patients porteurs de mucoviscidose, où la résistance à la méticilline joue un rôle pronostique important. En revanche, l’implication de S. aureus dans les exacerbations de BPCO semble rare. Enfin, S. aureus représente 20 à 30 % des causes de pneumopathies nosocomiales, notamment acquises sous ventilation mécanique. La résistance à la méticilline est alors fréquente, peut jouer un rôle pronostique, et nécessite l’utilisation de glycopeptides ou de linézolide. La place des nouveaux anti-staphylococciques tels que les céphalosporines de nouvelle génération ou encore la tigécycline reste à définir. Staphylococcus aureus accounts for 2–5 % of the etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia. These infections occur mainly in elderly patients with comorbidity, after a respiratory viral infection. S. aureus could also be responsible for necrotizing pneumonia, which occurs in young subjects, also after flu. Necrotizing pneumonia are associated with the production of a particular staphylococcal toxin called Panton-Valentine leukocidin, responsible for pulmonary focal necrosis, occurrence haemoptysis, leucopenia, and death. In Europe, these strains are still predominantly sensitive to anti-staphylococcal penicillin, which must be used at high dosage intravenously in combination with an antibiotic that reduces toxin production such as clindamycin, and intravenous immunoglobulin in severe cases. The mortality rate is estimated at 50 %. In addition, S. aureus is one of the pathogens involved in early respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis patients, in whom methicillin resistance plays an important prognostic role. However, the involvement of S. aureus in COPD exacerbations is rare. Finally, S. aureus represents 20 to 30 % of cases of hospital-acquired pneumonia, including ventilator-associated pneumonia. In these cases, methicillin-resistance is common, may play a prognostic role and requires the use of glycopeptides or linezolid. The place of new anti-staphylococcal antibiotics such as new generation cephalosporins or tigecyclin remains to be defined.





Prise en charge des exacerbations de BPCO : audit de pratique aux urgences

Publication date: June 2013 Source:Revue de Pneumologie Clinique, Volume 69, Issue 3

Author(s): R. Hernu , N. Eydoux , A. Peiretti , C. El-Khoury , D. Robert , L. Argaud , M. Armanet

Introduction La prise en charge des exacerbations aiguës de bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (EA BPCO) dans les services d’urgence français est mal connue, bien que des recommandations nationales existent. Méthodes Il s’agit d’une étude prospective réalisée sur une période de dix semaines (12/01 au 22/03/2009), de type audit de pratique, sur la prise en charge des EA BPCO dans les services d’urgence du Réseau des Urgences de la Vallée du Rhône (RESUVal). Résultats La participation de 16 établissements de santé a permis l’étude de la prise en charge de 221 EA BPCO. La mesure de la fréquence respiratoire et la description de l’expectoration n’étaient mentionnées que dans 99 (45 %) dossiers médicaux. Concernant la prise en charge thérapeutique, 215 (97 %) patients ont bénéficié de l’administration d’oxygène, 209 (95 %) ont reçu des aérosols de bêta-2-mimétique et 176 (80 %) des aérosols d’anti-cholinergique. Une corticothérapie systémique et une antibiothérapie ont été prescrites pour respectivement 116 (52 %) et 123 (56 %) patients. La ventilation non invasive (VNI) a été utilisée chez seulement 59 % des patients avec un pH inférieur à 7,35. Conclusions Ces résultats montrent que la prise en charge des EA BPCO aux urgences pourrait probablement être améliorée en recueillant de manière systématique la fréquence respiratoire et les caractéristiques de l’expectoration des patients ou en généralisant la pratique de la VNI aux urgences dans cette indication. Introduction Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are major events in the history of this chronic respiratory disease. Their management in French emergency services is unknown, although national guidelines exist. Methods This is a descriptive audit study, over a 10 weeks period (12/01–22/03/2009), of the management of COPD exacerbations in the RESUVal (Réseau des Urgences de la Vallée du Rhône, France) network emergency departments. Results The enrollement of 16 emergency units allowed the analysis of 221 exacerbations of COPD. Measurement of respiratory rate and description of the sputum were mentioned in only 99 (45%) medical records. The rest of the initial assessment was generally satisfactory. Regarding the therapeutic management, 215 (97%) patients received oxygen, beta-2-agonist aerosols were administrated for 209 (95%) patients and anticholinergic aerosols were used for 176 (80%) patients. A systemic corticosteroid and antibiotics were respectively prescribed for 116 (52%) and 123 (56%) patients. Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) was used in only 59% of patients presenting a pH<7.35. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that management of exacerbations of COPD could be improved through systematic patients’ respiratory rate and sputum characteristics recording or NIV utilization reinforcement.





Déterminants de la qualité de vie dans la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive

Publication date: Available online 31 October 2013 Source:Revue de Pneumologie Clinique

Author(s): W. Ketata , T. Abid , W. Feki , S. Msaad , N. Bahloul , W.K. Rekik , H. Ayadi , I. Yangui , S. Kammoun , A. Ayoub

Introduction La bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO) est considérée comme une maladie systémique à point de départ pulmonaire. L’utilisation seule des paramètres spirométriques n’est certainement pas le meilleur moyen reflétant le retentissement de la maladie sur la qualité de vie des patients. Patients et méthodes Étude prospective concernant 70 patients suivis pour BPCO. La qualité de vie a été évaluée à l’aide du questionnaire Saint-Georges dans sa version française. Résultats Notre population était en majorité masculine (97 %) avec un âge moyen de 63ans. Tous les patients étaient tabagiques avec une intoxication moyenne de 46 paquets-années. Le score total du questionnaire Saint-Georges était de 50,7 %. Les scores moyens des différentes dimensions étaient de 68 % pour la dimension des activités, 49 % pour l’impact et 26 % pour l’item des symptômes. L’indice multidimensionnel BODE était corrélé à la qualité de vie et ses différents items de façon plus forte que le volume expiratoire maximal seconde, le nombre d’exacerbations, le test de marche de six minutes et le score de dyspnée. Conclusion Il est important d’intégrer les indices de classifications multidimensionnels dans l’évaluation de la sévérité de la maladie car seuls ces indices peuvent cerner l’aspect systémique de la maladie. Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered as a systemic disease with pulmonary starting point. The use of spirometry alone is certainly not the best way to reflect the impact of disease on quality of life for patients. Patients and methods Prospective study concerning 70 patients treated for COPD. Quality of life was assessed using the French version of the Saint-George questionnaire. Results Our population was predominantly male (97%) with a mean age of 63 years. All patients were smokers with an average of 46 pack-years. The total score of the Saint-Georges respiratory questionnaire was 50.7%. The mean scores of different fields were 68% for the field activities, 49% for impact and 26% for the item of symptoms. The multidimensional BODE index was correlated with the quality of life and its various fields were more powerfully than the forced expiratory volume per second, the number of exacerbations, the six-minute walking test and dyspnea score. Conclusion It is important to integrate the multidimensional classification indices in assessing the severity of the disease because only these indices can reflect the systemic aspect of the disease.





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