In nowadays, there are many various diseases, whose diagnosis is very hardly. Lung cancer is one of this type diseases. It begins in the lungs and spreads to other organs of human body. In this paper, an expert diagnostic system based on General Discriminant Analysis (GDA) and Least Square Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) Classifier for diagnosis of lung cancer. This expert diagnosis system is called as GDA-LS-SVM in rest of this paper.

The GDA-LS-SVM expert diagnosis system has two stages. These are 1. Feature extraction and feature reduction stage and 2. Classification stage. In feature extraction and feature reduction stage, lung cancer dataset is obtained and dimension of this lung cancer dataset, which has 57 features, is reduced to eight features using Generalized Discriminant Analysis (GDA) method. Then, in classification stage, these reduced features are given to Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) classifier. The lung cancer dataset used in this study was taken from the UCI machine learning database. The classification accuracy of this GDA-LS-SVM expert system was obtained about 96.875% from results of these experimental studies.

Tuberculosis remains a public health concern worldwide particularly in Third World countries. Lymph node (LN) tuberculosis is the most frequent extra lung localization. Because of modern transport and mass migration from the developing to the developed world, it is important for all clinicians to keep this diagnostic possibility in mind.

Evaluate demographic characteristics, diagnosis approaches, therapeutic strategies and evolutionary aspects while treatment in patients with confirmed LN tuberculosis. Data were retrospectively analyzed in 69 patients collected in 2 health centers in Rabat over a period of 4 years. There was a female (70%) and a young age predominance of patients (31.4 year +/-13.1). The median duration between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis was long: 115 days (interquartile range 34-150 days) explicated by low Socioeconomic conditions (p< 0.05). The cervical LN were most frequently involved (85.5%). The confirmation was histological in 98.5%, bacterial in the liquid from puncture LN in 1.5% of cases. 48% of patients had received treatment according to the national guide of tuberculosis. Half of the patients had received prolonged treatment on average of 7 months and a half (7.3 month +/-1.3) because of the paradoxical response (PR) (p< 0.05). At the end of treatment, LN had returned to their normal size in 80% of patients, we noted residual nodes in 11.6%, and a scrofula in 8.6%.

The delay of diagnosis of LN tuberculosis is still important, and the treatment is prolonged because of PR.

Bronchoscopically detected endobronchial metastases of tracheal or bronchial wall were very rare and prevalence of these lesions were about 2%. Breast, renal and colon carcinomas were the most common cancers causing endobronchial metastasis. Also some other tumors can also make endobronchial metastasis.

These tumors can be listed as thyroid, ovary, parotis, maxillary, bone, nasopharynx, prostate, bladder, uterus, plasmocytoma, melanoma, testicular and sarcoma. Malignant melanomas develop by the malign transformation of the melanocytes and constitudes 4% of the skin cancers. Malignant melanoma mainly metastasis to regional lymph nodes, bones and central nervous system. On the other hand, lungs are also one of the metastasis areas of these tumors. Lung metastases usually occur by tumor emboli arriving to the pulmonary arteries. Bronchoscopically detected endobronchial metastases of malign melanoma cases are very rare.

Endobronchial treatment with diode laser and rigid bronchoscopy was applied to our case which presented with left total atelectasis and endobronchial metastase in the entrance of right main bronchus. As known, Nd YAG and Nd-YAP lasers have been in use for a long time and their efficiency have been approved in endobronchial treatment. On the other hand, although diode laser has been safely used in urology, dermatology and endovasculer surgery, its role in the therapeutic bronchoscopy is new and limited. Our case is presented as an example of a rarely seen endobronchial metastasis and as an example of its management with a new device.

The association between respiratory infection and risk of heart attacks and strokes is well established. However, less evidence exists for an association between respiratory infection and venous thromboembolism (VTE). In this article, we describe the associations between respiratory infection and VTE.

METHODS: All cases aged ≥18 years of first-time diagnosis of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) were identified together with single-matched controls from a primary care general practice database. In addition to the matching characteristics, information was collected on other potentially important confounding factors.

RESULTS: There were 457/11 557 (4.0%) DVT cases with respiratory infection in the year before the index date (73 in the preceding month) compared with 262/11 557 (2.3%) controls (24 in the preceding month). There was an increased risk of DVT in the month following infection [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 2.64, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.62-4.29] which persisted up to a year. There were 180/5162 (3.5%) PE cases with respiratory infection in the year before the index date compared with 94/5162 (1.8%) controls excluding those in the preceding month to avoid the possible misdiagnosis of early PE. There was an increased risk of PE in the 3 months following infection (adjusted OR = 2.50, 95% CI 1.33-4.72) which may have persisted up to a year.

CONCLUSIONS: There are strong associations between recent respiratory infection and VTE. There should be less distinction between venous and arterial events in decisions about preventing or aborting infections, especially in high-risk patients.