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[Probiotics in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases.]

Physiological gastrointestinal microflora dominated by lactic acid bacteria is crucial for the maturation and proper functioning of human immune system. Thus, lactic acid bacteria eradication followed by intestinal colonization by other anaerobes seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including allergy. This paper discusses the effect of physiological intestinal microflora on the physiological immune reactivity as well as its immunomodulatory potential.

The critical review of current research on the effectiveness of probiotic dietary supplementation in the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases is provided.

[Two selected commercially based nucleic acid amlification tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.]

Conclusions: The reported results show a high diagnostic usefulness of Xpert MTB/RIF test for samples, which are positive for Ziehl-Neelsen staining.

Effects of air pollutants on innate immunity: The role of Toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–like receptors

Interactions between exposure to ambient air pollutants and respiratory pathogens have been shown to modify respiratory immune responses. Emerging data suggest key roles for Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain–like receptor (NLR) signaling in pathogen-induced immune responses. Similarly, immune responses elicited by exposure to air pollutants are mediated by specific TLR- and NLR-dependent mechanisms.

This review article will summarize current knowledge about how air pollutants modify TLR- and NLR-dependent signaling and host defense responses in the lung.

Pulmonary function vascular index predicts prognosis in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia

Conclusions:  A vascular index comprised of baseline and six‐month decline in Kco strongly predicted increased mortality, and development of PH on echocardiography. In IIP, Kco may be an important marker for pulmonary vascular disease and its associated mortality.

Adult Asthma Tied to Recent Infections (CME/CE)

Recent respiratory infections may be linked to adult-onset asthma according to the results of a population-based incident case-control study.

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