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The Impact of Heart Failure on the Classification of COPD Severity.

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Pulmonary restriction-a reduction of lung volumes-is common in heart failure (HF), rendering severity grading of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) potentially problematic in subjects with both diseases. We compared pulmonary function in patients with either HF or COPD, or the combination to assess whether grading of COPD using the Global Initiative of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease classification is hampered in the presence of HF.

METHODS AND RESULTS: In 2 cohorts involving 591 patients with established HF and 405 with a primary care diagnosis of COPD, the presence of HF and COPD was assessed according to guidelines. HF severity was staged according to the NYHA classification system into Classes I-IV. COPD was diagnosed if the ratio of post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) was <0.70, and categorized in GOLD stages I-IV according to post-bronchodilator-predicted FEV1 levels (FEV1% ≥80%; 50-79%; 30-49%; <30%). In total, 557 patients with HF only, 108 with HF+COPD, and 194 with COPD only were studied. Patients, who had neither HF nor COPD according to definition, or HF with reversible obstruction in post-bronchodilator pulmonary function tests were excluded from this analysis (n = 137). Compared with COPD only, patients with HF plus COPD had higher levels of post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (median [quartiles] 0.57 [0.47-0.64] vs 0.62 [0.55-0.66] and lower total lung capacity % (115 [104-126]% vs 105 [95-117]%, P < .001) P < .001), but comparable levels of post-bronchodilator FEV1% (70 [56-84]% vs 68 [54-80]%, P = .22) and thus similar distributions of GOLD stages I-IV in both groups (24/56/19/4% vs 31/50/19/1%, P = .57). In patients with HF only, 25% exhibited pre-bronchodilator FEV1% levels of <80% (FEV1% 94 [80-108]%), despite a pre-bronchodilator FEV/FVC ratio ≥0.7 in this group. The reduction of FEV1 in patients with HF only was associated with HF severity.

CONCLUSIONS: In stable HF, FEV1 may be significantly reduced even in the absence of "real" airflow obstruction. In this situation, diagnosing COPD according to GOLD criteria (based on FEV1/FVC) still seems feasible, because both FEV1 and FVC are usually decreased to an equal extent in HF. However, classifying COPD based on FEV1 levels may overrate obstruction severity in patients with combined disease (HF plus COPD), and thus may lead to unjustified use of bronchodilators.

Safety and efficacy evaluation of ambrisentan in pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, which can lead to right heart failure and death. Endothelin-1 binding ETA and ETB receptors seem to play a critical role in the pathogenesis and progression of the disease, and oral endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) have been shown to be an effective treatment. Bosentan and ETA-selective ambrisentan are the ERAs currently available for PAH treatment.

Areas covered: On the basis of the analysis of the literature, this paper addresses the efficacy and safety of ambrisentan in the treatment for PAH.

Expert opinion: Ambrisentan has shown an efficacy comparable with other ERAs. Compared with bosentan, ambrisentan seems to have a better safety profile with regards to hepatic safety and drug-drug interactions. On the other hand, ambrisentan shows a higher rate of other adverse events, such as nasal congestion and peripheral edema.

Ambrisentan is a viable option for PAH treatment. However, there is still a need for more robust data about long-term mortality, treatment in non-PAH pulmonary hypertension (PH) (such as PH due to left heart disease and PH due to chronic hypoxic lung diseases) and combination therapy.

Restricted spirometry in the Burden of Lung Disease Study.

The presence of restrictive lung disease has classically required the measure of total lung capacity to document 'true' restriction, which has limited its detection in large population-based studies.

METHODS: We used spirometric data to classify people with restricted spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV(1)]/forced vital capacity ≥ 0.70 and FEV(1) < 80% predicted) in the Burden of Lung Disease (BOLD) Study and determined the relation between this finding and demographic factors and the presence of chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

RESULTS: Overall, we found that 11.7% of men (546/4664) and 16.4% of women (836/5098) had restricted spirometry. Prevalence varied widely by site, from a low of 4.2% among males in Sydney, Australia, to a high of 48.7% among females in Manila, The Philippines. Compared to people with normal lung function, those with restricted spirometry had a higher prevalence of diabetes (12.2% vs. 4.6%), heart disease (15.0% vs. 7.7%) and hypertension (38.8% vs. 22.8%).

CONCLUSIONS: Restricted spirometry is a common finding in population studies. Additional research is needed to better define and describe the mechanisms that lead to restricted spirometry and potential interventions.

Place de la chirurgie dans les maladies aspergillaires et autres mycoses pulmonaires

Publication year: 2012
Source:Revue de Pneumologie Clinique, Volume 68, Issue 2

P.-B. Pagès, H. Abou Hanna, D. Caillot, A. Bernard

La chirurgie fait partie de la stratégie thérapeutique des infections aspergillaires et des mucormycoses. L’aspergillome se définit comme une masse arrondie pseudotumorale de développement intracavitaire due à la prolifération des spores d’Aspergillus. La complication la plus fréquente est l’hémoptysie rapportée dans 50 à 95 % des cas. Les lésions pleuropulmonaires favorisantes sont : les cavernes tuberculeuses, les poches pleurales résiduelles, les bulles d’emphysème et le poumon détruit après radiothérapie ou fibrose ou bronchectasies. Les indications de la chirurgie dépendent des symptômes, de la fonction respiratoire du patient, de l’état du poumon sous-jacent et du type d’aspergillome (simple ou complexe). Chez un patient porteur d’un aspergillome intrapulmonaire, si les fonctions respiratoires le permettent, une résection pulmonaire sera proposée éventuellement précédée d’une embolisation. Pour les aspergillomes intrapleuraux, la thoracoplastie sera préconisée si l’état général du patient le permet. L’aspergillose pulmonaire invasive (API) se caractérise par une invasion des tissus bronchiques et des vaisseaux par les filaments mycéliens chez des patients ayant une immunosuppression profonde et prolongée. Le taux de décès des patients ayant fait une API après traitement pour une leucémie ou lymphome était de 30 à 40 %, après une greffe de moelle de 60 %, après transplantation de 50 à 60 % et après toute autre cause d’immunosuppression de 70 à 85 %. La principale cause de ces décès est l’hémoptysie massive. La chirurgie (une lobectomie) est indiquée pour la prévention des hémoptysies lorsque la masse aspergillaire se situe au contact de l’artère pulmonaire ou l’une de ses branches et si elle augmente de taille avec la disparition du liseré de sécurité entre la masse et la paroi du vaisseau. Le patient sera opéré en urgence avant que les globules blancs n’atteignent le seuil de 1000éléments/mm3. Une masse résiduelle persistante après un traitement antifongique peut justifier d’une résection pulmonaire (wedge ou lobectomie) avant la reprise d’une nouvelle thérapeutique agressive. Les mucormycoses surviennent chez des patients immunodéprimés (maladie hématologique, diabètes, transplantation, brûlures, dénutrition). Le traitement d’une mucormycose pulmonaire associe les antifongiques et la résection pulmonaire. Surgery is part of the therapeutic strategy of aspergillosis and mucormycosis. The aspergilloma is defined as a rounded mass, developing in a cavity by the proliferation of spores of Aspergillus. The most common complication was haemoptysis reported in 50–95% of cases. The pleuropulmonary lesions predisposing are: tuberculosis, residual pleural space, emphysema and lung destroyed by fibrosis or radiotherapy or bronchiectasis. The indications for surgery depend on symptoms, respiratory function, the parenchyma and the type of aspergilloma (simple or complex). In a patient with an intrapulmonary aspergilloma, lung resection preceded by embolization is recommended based on respiratory function. For intrapleural aspergilloma, thoracoplasty is recommended according to the patient's general condition. The invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is characterized by an invasion of lung tissue and blood vessels by hyphae in immunocompromised patients. The death rate of patients who have an API after treatment for leukemia or lymphoma was 30 to 40%, after bone marrow transplantation 60%, after solid organ transplantation from 50 to 60% and after any other cause of immunocompromising from 70 to 85%. The main cause of these deaths is massive hemoptysis. Surgery (lobectomy) is indicated for the prevention of hemoptysis when the mass is in contact with the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, and if it increases in size with the disappearance of border security between the mass and the vessel wall. The patient will be operated in an emergency before the white blood cells do not exceed the threshold of 1000cells/μl. A persistent residual mass after antifungal treatment may justify a lung resection (lobectomy or wedge) before a new aggressive therapy. Mucormycosis affects patients following immunocompromising states — haematologic malignancy, diabetes mellitus, transplantation, burns and malnutrition. The treatment of pulmonary mucormycosis combines surgical and medical approach.




Traitement des récidives de tuberculose pulmonaire

Publication year: 2012
Source:Revue de Pneumologie Clinique, Volume 68, Issue 4

J. Ben Amar, H. Racil, M. Mami, S. Cheikh Rouhou, M. Zarrouk, A. Chabbou

Introduction La tuberculose (TB) sévit à l’état endémique dans le monde. Elle est préoccupante, étant donné les difficultés de sa prise en charge et sa mortalité élevée. Cela nous a amené à analyser la prise en charge thérapeutique et l’évolution des patients ayant eu au moins une récidive tuberculeuse. Patients et méthode Étude rétrospective à partir des dossiers de 64 patients, analysés lors de la première atteinte tuberculeuse (groupe A1) et au moment de la récidive (groupe A2). Le groupe témoin (T) est constitué de patients ayant eu une TB confirmée, sans notion de récidives. Résultats L’étude des données de l’antibiogramme a montré que le taux de multirésistance était plus important en cas de récidive (21,1 % vs 3 %, p <0,05), ainsi que le taux de polyrésistance. La durée moyenne du traitement pour les groupes A1, A2 et T était de 8,63 mois, 9,79 mois et 7,08 mois. Les effets indésirables liés au traitement étaient significativement plus fréquents chez le groupe A2 comparé au groupe T (76,1 % vs 41,2 % ; p <0,001). Conclusion Tout patient tuberculeux, notamment en cas de récidive tuberculeuse, doit bénéficier d’une prise en charge particulière avec un schéma thérapeutique adapté. Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is a greatest public health problem of the world. This work aims to study the antituberculous treatment and the evolution of the patients with recurrent tuberculosis. Patients and method The study is a retrospective study on 64 patients with recidivant pulmonary TB: A1 group: at the first TB attack; A2 group: at the time of recidivant TB, and 105 controls patients with confirmed TB without recidive. Results Multidrug-resistant TB is more frequent with recidivant TB (21.1% vs 3%, P <0.05) and also extensively drug-resistant. Antituberculous treatment duration in group A1, A2 and T was respectively 8.63 months, 9.79 months, and 7.08 months. Antituberculous drug complications were more frequent in group A2 compared to group T (76.1% vs 41.2%; P <0.001). Conclusion All tuberculous patients, specially recidivant TB, should benefit of particular care and drug protocol adaptation.




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