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Guideline for the Acquisition and Preparation of Conventional and Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Specimens for the Diagnosis and Molecular Testing of Patients with Known or Suspected Lung Cancer

Rationale: Conventional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) and endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-TBNA are widely accepted tools for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer and the initial procedure of choice for staging. Obtaining adequate specimens is key to provide a specific histologic and molecular diagnosis of lung cancer. Objectives: To develop practice guidelines on the acquisition and preparation of conventional TBNA and EBUS-TBNA specimens for the diagnosis and molecular testing of (suspected) lung cancer. We hope to improve the global unification of procedure standards, maximize the yield and identify areas for research. Methods: Systematic electronic database searches were conducted to identify relevant studies for inclusion in the guideline [PubMed and the Cochrane Library ...

Management of neuromuscular blockade in ambulatory patients

Purpose of reviewThe use of neuromuscular blocking agents in ambulatory surgery has been described as a double-edged sword. Muscle relaxants may improve the outcome following endotracheal intubation and could be helpful for the surgeon to some extent. However, these agents might increase the risk of postoperative complications because of residual paralysis. This review should summarize recent developments in neuromuscular blockade, neuromuscular monitoring, and reversal with a special reference to day case surgery. Recent findingsThe use of neuromuscular blocking agents begs a risk of postoperative muscle weakness and has been associated with adverse respiratory events. From the surgical side, there could be an increased request for a more intense neuromuscular block during laparoscopic su...

Preventing the introduction of Ebola virus into the Eastern Mediterranean Region: enhanced preparedness is the key.

The current outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa is unlike any of the previous outbreaks caused by the disease because of the unprecedented speed with which it is evolving.

A number of countries in western Africa are currently affected – Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Democratic Republic of Congo. All these countries have now reported laboratory-confirmed cases. ...

Viruses and Disease: Emerging concepts for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

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Viruses cause a wide range of human diseases, ranging from acute self-resolving conditions to acute fatal diseases. Effects that arise long after the primary infection can also increase the propensity for chronic conditions or lead to the development of cancer. Recent advances in the fields of virology and pathology have been fundamental in improving our understanding of viral pathogenesis, in providing improved vaccination strategies and in developing newer, more effective treatments for patients worldwide.

The reviews assembled here focus on the interface between virology and pathology and encompass aspects of both the clinical pathology of viral disease and the underlying disease mechanisms. Articles on emerging diseases caused by Ebola virus, Marburg virus, coronaviruses such as SARS and MERS, Nipah virus and noroviruses are followed by reviews of enteroviruses, HIV infection, measles, mumps, human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). The issue concludes with a series of articles reviewing the relationship between viruses and cancer, including the role played by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of lymphoma and carcinoma; how human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are involved in the development of skin cancer; the involvement of hepatitis B virus infection in hepatocellular carcinoma; and the mechanisms by which Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) leads to Kaposi sarcoma.

We hope that this collection of articles will be of interest to a wide range of scientists and clinicians at a time when there is a renaissance in the appreciation of the power of pathology as virologists dissect the processes of disease.

New hope in the search for ebola virus treatments.

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Because of its lethality, the Ebola virus often appears to be an invincible adversary. In Nature, Qiu et al. (2014) recently described the complete protection of nonhuman primates from deadly Ebola virus disease, even when treatment was begun as late as 5 days after infection.

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