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Frontiers in Bronchoscopic Imaging

Bronchoscopy is a minimally‐invasive method for diagnosis of diseases of the airways and the lung parenchyma. Standard bronchoscopy uses the reflectance/scattering properties of white light from tissue to examine the macroscopic appearance of airways. It does not exploit the full spectrum of the optical properties of bronchial tissues.

Advances in optical imaging such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal endomicroscopy, autofluorescence imaging and laser Raman spectroscopy are at the forefront to allow in‐vivo high resolution probing of the microscopic structure, biochemical compositions and even molecular alterations in disease states.

OCT can visualize cellular and extracellular structures at and below the tissue surface with near histologic resolution as well as t...

Asthma phenotypes: consistency of classification using induced sputum

Conclusions. The phenotypic classification of asthma changes frequently. A diagnosis of non‐eosinophilic asthma should not be based on a single sputum sample.

Air Pollution and COPD

Limited data suggest that outdoor air pollution (such as ambient air pollution or traffic related air pollution) and indoor air pollution (such as second hand smoking and biomass fuel combustion exposure) are associated with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but there is insufficient evidence to prove a causal relationship at this stage.

It also appears that outdoor air pollution is a significant environmental trigger for acute exacerbation of COPD, leading to increasing symptoms, emergency department visits, hospital admissions and even mortality. Improving ambient air pollution and decreasing indoor biomass combustion exposure by improving home ventilation are effective measures that may substantially improve the health of the general public.

Quantitative Pulmonary Imaging Using Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Measurements of lung function, including spirometry and body plethesmography, are easy to perform and are the current clinical standard for assessing disease severity. However, these lung functional techniques do not adequately explain the observed variability in clinical manifestations of disease and offer little insight into the relationship of lung structure and function.

Lung imaging and the image based assessment of lung disease has matured to the extent that it is common for clinical, epidemiologic, and genetic investigation to have a component dedicated to image analysis. There are several exciting imaging modalities currently being used for the non‐invasive study of lung anatomy and function.

In this review we will focus on two of them, x‐ray computed tomography and mag...

When pleural potassium exceeds 5.0 mEq/L, high pleural adenosine deaminase levels do not necessarily indicate tuberculous pleuritis

Conclusions:  When pK levels exceed 5.0 mEq/L, high pADA levels do not necessarily indicate the presence of tuberculous pleuritis.

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