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The hazards of smoking in women: results from the Million Women Study

Smoking is associated with many diseases and remains a major cause of mortality. The Million Women Study is a large UK prospective cohort study of women born in the second quarter of the 20th century, collecting data for a broad range of health issues. Women were recruited and sent questionnaires that included lifestyle factors such as smoking at baseline, 3 years and 8 years. After excluding women with previous smoking-associated diseases, 1.2 million invited participants were followed up for mortality for a mean of 12 years via national mortality records. Current smokers had a threefold increase in mortality compared with never-smokers, with adjusted mortality rate ratio increasing almost linearly with the number of cigarettes smoked at baseline. Relative risks were highes...

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: does the current definition need revisiting?

Obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) has been conventionally (and to some extent arbitrarily) defined by the combination of obesity (body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m2), daytime hypercapnia (arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) ≥45 mm Hg or 6 kPa) during wakefulness, and usually (but not always) the presence of ‘sleep disordered breathing’, such as obstructive sleep apnoea, rapid eye movement sleep hypoventilation or both.
  • 1 The survival curve for untreated OHS is significantly reduced compared with the non-obese,
  • 2 and so early identification and treatment for these patients is likely to be beneficial.
Little is currently known about the true prevalence of OHS in ambulatory obese individuals, with estimates range from 0.3–0.4% of the...

Airway gene expression in COPD is dynamic with inhaled corticosteroid treatment and reflects biological pathways associated with disease activity

Conclusions The present study suggests that gene expression in biological pathways of COPD is dynamic with treatment and reflects disease activity. This study opens the gate to targeted and molecular phenotype-driven therapy of COPD. (Source: Thorax)

Variable and potentially fatal amounts of nicotine in e-cigarette nicotine solutions

Experimental research on electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is sparse. Regulated as tobacco products by the US Food and Drug Administration, e-cigarette safety has not been determined. This enables the sale of e-cigarettes and tobacco-derived nicotine solution to consumers without rigorous safety regulations that would be required if the products were regulated as drug delivery devices.1 As such, despite the recent popularity of e-cigarettes as an alternative to cigarette smoking, consumers currently do not have industry-regulated information on the concentration of e-cigarette solutions or their safety.1 The present study reports the nicotine concentration of several of these solutions. Methods A convenience sample of seven e-cigarette nicotine solutions was analysed. Samples ranged fro...

Airway alterations present even in young smokers without COPD

A study has found functional and inflammatory changes in the nasal and lower airways of young, healthy smokers in the absence of pulmonary function decline. (Source: MedWire News - Respiratory)

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