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Recommendations for the early diagnosis of COPD: the AIMAR view.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has the dubious distinction of being one of the few major causes of death that continues to rise in the United States and the world. In that sense, its prevention, early diagnosis when clinically present, and finally its appropriate treatment should constitute a priority item in today’s health care agenda. In this sense, the recently published AIMAR’s recommendation for the early diagnosis of COPD constitutes a valuable contribution to this concerted effort . Professor Nardini and colleagues are to be commended for the comprehensive effort that has made this publication possible.

Perhaps the title is a little misguided as it only describes the document as a “recommendation for diagnosis”, when in reality the content is extremely comprehensive covering not just diagnostic issues of relevance, but it also develops, in rich detail, primary and secondary prevention as well as treatment. Furthermore, it extends its recommendations to the often forgotten area of end-of-life and palliative care so important in our ageing population. Perhaps the title should have included the fact that it recommends prevention and treatment as well as diagnosis. In their modesty, the authors do not pretend this to be an evidence based document, primarily due to the fact that no evidence methodology was used, but its recommendations are very much in line with those existing in the international guidelines.

The document begins with a layout of the landscape. It attempts to relate what is known about prevalence and the burden of COPD around the world to the situation in Italy itself. Overall, it would appear that there is room to improve and in a more precise manner determine the Italian situation. It follows with a section on prevention and then with an excellent discussion on the issue of secondary screening ...

Pharmacogenomics and targeted therapy of Cancer: Focusing on Non-small cell lung Cancer.

Recent studies have been established high degree of genetic diversity in solid organ tumors among individuals and even between individual tumor cells. This intratumor and intertumor genetic diversity results in a heterogeneous tumor with unique characteristics which potentially allows effective drug therapy.

The goal of pharmacogenomics is to elucidate the genetic network(s) that underlie drug efficacy and drug resistance. Advances in targeted and personalized therapy plays an increasingly important role in many common cancers, notably lung cancer, due to the high incidence, prevalence, mortality and the greater tendency towards drug resistance seen in these patients. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is characterized by mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and or downstream kinase pathways. This has led to the development of highly selective monoclonal antibodies and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) to prevent cancer initiation, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, survival, and invasion. However, resistance to many of these new treatments is induced and further pharmacogenomic analysis has revealed mutations associated with increased or reduced drug efficacy.

Combinations of kinase inhibitors or potentially the targeting of cancer stem cells may further increase the success of pharmacogenomics in treating patients with lung cancer.

Reduced Bone Density and Vertebral Fractures in Smokers: Men and COPD Patients at Increased Risk.

Former smoking history and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) are potential risk factors for osteoporosis and fractures. Under existing guidelines for osteoporosis screening, women are included but men are not, and only current smoking is considered.

Objectives: To demonstrate the impact of COPD and smoking history on the risk of osteoporosis and vertebral fracture in men and women.

Measurements: Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) by calibrated quantitative CT (QCT), visually scored vertebral fractures and severity of lung disease were determined from chest CT scans of 3321 current and ex-smokers in COPDGene study. Low volumetric bone mineral density as a surrogate for osteoporosis was calculated from young adult normal values.

Methods: Characteristics of participants with low volumetric bone mineral density were identified and associated to COPD and other risk factors. We tested associations of gender and COPD to both volumetric bone mineral density and fractures adjusting for age, race, BMI, smoking and glucocorticoid use.

Main Results: Male smokers had a small but significantly greater risk of low volumetric bone mineral density (- 2.5 SD below young adult mean by calibrated quantitative CT) and more fractures than female smokers. Low volumetric bone mineral density was present in 58% of all subjects, was more frequent with worse COPD and rose to 84% of very severe COPD subjects. Vertebral fractures were present in 37% of all subjects and were associated with lower volumetric bone mineral density at each GOLD stage. Vertebral fractures were most common in the mid-thoracic region. COPD and specifically emphysema were associated with both low volumetric bone mineral density and vertebral fractures after adjustment for steroid use, age, pack years, current smoking and exacerbations. Airway disease was associated with higher bone density after adjustment for other variables. Calibrated quantitative CT identified more abnormal subjects than the standard DXA in a subset of subjects and correlated well with prevalent fractures.

Conclusion: Male smokers with and without COPD, have a significant risk of low bone mineral density and vertebral fractures. COPD was associated with low volumetric bone mineral density after adjusting for race, gender, BMI, smoking, steroid use, exacerbations and increasing age. Screening for low bone mineral density in men and women smokers using quantitative CT scanning will increase opportunities to identify and treat osteoporosis in this at-risk population.

Lipid Profile and Statin Use: The Paradox of Survival After Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

A paradoxical association between cholesterol level and clinical outcome has been suggested, yet never previously established, in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

OBJECTIVES:: The authors sought to investigate the interaction between long-term survival, lipid profile and statin use in patients after acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD).

METHODS:: A retrospective study evaluating demographic, clinical and laboratory data of 615 consecutive patients admitted for AECOPD over a mean follow-up period of 24.8 months. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate analysis were used to identify independent prognostic predictors for all-cause mortality.

RESULTS:: Mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of the study population was 71.8 ± 11.4 years. Unexpectedly, mean serum cholesterol ± SD levels were significantly higher in survivors (N = 340) versus nonsurvivors (N = 275): 181.5 ± 43.6 versus 171.6 ± 57.2 mg/dL, respectively, (P = 0.0043). Median survival for patients with cholesterol levels <150 and >200 mg/dL were 16.0 and 64.4 months, respectively (P = 0.0173). On multivariate analysis, cholesterol level <150 mg/dL was an independent predictor of mortality, irrespective of cardiovascular risk factors (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.8430, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2547-2.7072, P = 0.0019). Statin use had an independent protective effect, regardless of cholesterol level (HR = 0.4924, 95% CI = 0.2924-0.8292, P = 0.0080).

CONCLUSIONS:: Low cholesterol levels are significantly associated with increased mortality after AECOPD. Nonetheless, as statin treatment was associated with reduced mortality over the entire range of cholesterol levels, its use should be considered in all COPD patients.

A qualitative study of televideo consultations for COPD patients.

This article presents results from a small qualitative study investigating the experiences of patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with televideo consultations at home, as a supplement to conventional control and treatment.

The research question was: what are the experiences and preferences of COPD patients in relation to discharge from hospital with televideo consultations?

The study shows that the patients' assessments of the effectiveness and value of the televideo consultations in their everyday lives are based on tough cost-benefit calculation of the extent to which the intervention makes their lives easier or more difficult. In public settings, the expectations are high that digital mediation between clients' everyday lives and the healthcare system can strengthen patients' abilities regarding their self-management. Nonetheless, the study shows that patients have a number of reservations concerning televideo consultations at home.

The patients' assessments of the service must be understood in relation to the routines and strategies developed to handle the array of problems related to a life affected by chronic illness.

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