The field of conventional bronchoscopy has undergone a paradigm shift over the last decade. The ability to visualize peribronchial structures in real time has increased the diagnostic and therapeutic scope of flexible bronchoscopy.

Ultrasound engineering and the development of a probe with an interface capable of sound wave transmission, has led to the development of a new procedure, endobronchial ultrasound, which has been widely adapted, both throughout the USA and worldwide..

Similarly, techniques such as electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy, autofluorescence bronchoscopy, optical coherence tomography and other interventional procedures, including bronchial thermoplasty, cryotherapy, brachytherapy, balloon dilatation and stent are increasingly being adopted at large academic centers. ...