Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is projected to be the fourth leading cause of death worldwide by 2030. Older patients with advanced-stage COPD are most likely to suffer from high levels of comorbid disorders, including lung cancer. Emphysema is a risk factor for the development of lung cancer, independent of cigarette smoking status. COPD patients who develop lung cancer are most likely to be overwhelmed (challenged) by the addition of another ‘life-limiting’ disease.

This will have a profound impact on their survival, quality of life, coping strategies and increases the burden on caregivers. If this is the case, how common is lung cancer in patients with COPD? Do we have effective treatment strategies to treat COPD patients with lung cancer? ....