Conflict of interest: R. Wise reports grants and personal fees for data monitoring committee work and consultancy from AstraZeneca/Medimmune and GSK, grants and personal fees for data monitoring and steering committee work

from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees for clinical end-point committee work from Contrafect, personal fees for data safety monitoring committee work from Pulmonx, personal fees for data monitoring committee work from Roche/Genentech and Merck, personal fees for steering committee work from Spiration, personal fees for chairing workshops from Sunovion, grants from Pearl Therapeutics, personal fees for consultancy from Circassia, Pneuma, Verona, Denali, Aradigm, Mylan, Theravance and Propeller Health, and personal fees for safety review committee work from Bonti and Kiniksa, outside the submitted work.